Working Conditions for Children in the Early 20th Century Can Best Be Described as _____.

Ten Great Public Health Achievements -- United States, 1900-1999

During the 20th century, the wellness and life expectancy of persons residing in the U.s.a. improved dramatically. Since 1900, the average lifespan of persons in the Us has lengthened by greater than thirty years; 25 years of this gain are attributable to advances in public health (1). To highlight these advances, MMWR will profile x public health achievements (run into box) in a series of reports published through December 1999.

Many notable public health achievements have occurred during the 1900s, and other accomplishments could accept been selected for the list. The choices for topics for this listing were based on the opportunity for prevention and the impact on death, illness, and inability in the Usa and are not ranked by guild of importance.

The first study in this serial focuses on vaccination, which has resulted in the eradication of smallpox; elimination of poliomyelitis in the Americas; and control of measles, rubella, tetanus, diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and other infectious diseases in the United states and other parts of the world.

Ten Corking Public Health Achievements -- The states, 1900-1999

• Vaccination

• Motor-vehicle condom

• Safer workplaces

• Control of infectious diseases

• Decline in deaths from coronary centre disease and stroke

• Safer and healthier foods

• Healthier mothers and babies

• Family planning

• Fluoridation of drinking water

• Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard

Time to come reports that will appear in MMWR throughout the balance of 1999 will focus on nine other achievements:

• Improvements in motor-vehicle condom accept resulted from engineering science efforts to make both vehicles and highways safer and from successful efforts to alter personal behavior (e.g., increased use of prophylactic belts, child rubber seats, and motorcycle helmets and decreased drinking and driving). These efforts have contributed to large reductions in motor-vehicle-related deaths (2).

• Piece of work-related wellness problems, such as coal workers' pneumoconiosis (black lung), and silicosis -- common at the beginning of the century -- have come under amend control. Severe injuries and deaths related to mining, manufacturing, construction, and transportation also have decreased; since 1980, safer workplaces accept resulted in a reduction of approximately twoscore% in the rate of fatal occupational injuries (3).

• Control of infectious diseases has resulted from clean h2o and improved sanitation. Infections such as typhoid and cholera transmitted by contaminated water, a major cause of illness and expiry early in the 20th century, take been reduced dramatically by improved sanitation. In add-on, the discovery of antimicrobial therapy has been critical to successful public health efforts to control infections such as tuberculosis and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

• Decline in deaths from coronary heart affliction and stroke take resulted from risk-factor modification, such equally smoking abeyance and blood pressure command coupled with improved access to early detection and better handling. Since 1972, expiry rates for coronary centre affliction take decreased 51% (4).

• Since 1900, safer and healthier foods have resulted from decreases in microbial contamination and increases in nutritional content. Identifying essential micronutrients and establishing food-fortification programs have almost eliminated major nutritional deficiency diseases such equally rickets, goiter, and pellagra in the United States.

• Healthier mothers and babies have resulted from amend hygiene and nutrition, availability of antibiotics, greater access to health care, and technologic advances in maternal and neonatal medicine. Since 1900, infant mortality has decreased 90%, and maternal bloodshed has decreased 99%.

• Admission to family planning and contraceptive services has contradistinct social and economical roles of women. Family planning has provided wellness benefits such every bit smaller family size and longer interval between the nascence of children; increased opportunities for preconceptional counseling and screening; fewer infant, child, and maternal deaths; and the use of barrier contraceptives to prevent pregnancy and transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and other STDs.

• Fluoridation of drinking water began in 1945 and in 1999 reaches an estimated 144 million persons in the United States. Fluoridation safely and inexpensively benefits both children and adults by effectively preventing tooth decay, regardless of socioeconomic status or access to intendance. Fluoridation has played an of import role in the reductions in tooth disuse (40%-70% in children) and of tooth loss in adults (40%-60%) (v).

• Recognition of tobacco employ equally a health take a chance and subsequent public wellness anti-smoking campaigns have resulted in changes in social norms to prevent initiation of tobacco use, promote cessation of use, and reduce exposure to ecology tobacco smoke. Since the 1964 Surgeon General'southward report on the health risks of smoking, the prevalence of smoking amid adults has decreased, and millions of smoking-related deaths have been prevented (6).

The list of achievements was developed to highlight the contributions of public health and to draw the touch on of these contributions on the wellness and well being of persons in the U.s.. A final report in this series will review the national public health system, including local and state health departments and bookish institutions whose activities on enquiry, epidemiology, health education, and program implementation take made these achievements possible.

Reported by: CDC.

References

1. Bunker JP, Frazier HS, Mosteller F. Improving wellness: measuring furnishings of medical care. Milbank Quarterly 1994;72:225-58.

2. Bolen JR, Sleet DA, Chorba T, et al. Overview of efforts to prevent motor vehicle-related injury. In: Prevention of motor vehicle-related injuries: a compendium of articles from the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1985-1996. Atlanta, Georgia: U.s. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Illness Control and Prevention, National Centre for Injury Prevention and Control, 1997.

3. CDC. Fatal occupational injuries -- Usa, 1980-1994. MMWR 1998;47:297-302.

4. Anonymous. The sixth written report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2413-46.

5. Burt BA, Eklund SA. Dentistry, dental practice, and the customs. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: WB Saunders Company, 1999:204-twenty.

6. Public Health Service. For a healthy nation: returns on investment in public wellness. Atlanta, Georgia: United states of america Section of Health and Homo Services, Public Health Service, Part of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion and CDC, 1994.

   
   

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